Kits of medical supplies for sedation and analgesiaMedical Supplies Abstract Claims 2. The kit of claim 1, further comprising: an air filter to prevent particulates and contaminants in the atmospheric air from entering said air flow lumen; and a free flow prevention device to halt the unchecked or free flow of drug through said intravenous infusion line. 3. The kit of claim 2, wherein said free flow prevention device is at least one of a spring loaded clamp, a snap lock, and a pinch valve. 4. The kit of claim 2, further comprising: a respiratory set; and an oro-nasal device that functions as a patient interface. 5. The kit of claim 1 further comprising supplies for use with a procedure that is performed as accompanied by drug delivery from said IV drug infusion administration device. 6. The kit of claim 5 wherein said procedure is sedation or analgesia. 7. The kit of claim 1 wherein said components are disposable. 8. The kit of claim 1 wherein said components are re-usable. 9. The kit of claim 1 wherein said components are a combination of disposable and re-usable. 10. The kit of claim 1 wherein said packaging contains recesses to securely accommodate individual said components. 11. The kit of claim 10 wherein said packaging is sufficiently translucent to allow visual identification of said components through said packaging. 12. The kit of claim 10 wherein said packaging includes means for opening and removal of said components with a single hand. 13. The kit of claim 12 wherein said recesses in said packaging are oriented to optimize access to said components using a person's right hand. 14. The kit of claim 12 wherein said recesses in said packaging are oriented to optimize access to said components using a person's left hand. 15. The kit of claim 12 wherein said packaging contains anchoring means to allow said kit to be temporarily affixed to a work surface such that said kit is immobile and said components can be removed without moving said packaging. 16. The kit of claim 1 wherein said packaging contains identification and use status indicia. 17. The kit of claim 16 wherein individual said components include identification indicia of quality assurance, identification, or safety. Description [0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/378,068, "Kits of Medical Supplies for Sedation and Analgesia," filed May 16, 2002, which is hereby incorporated by reference. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] Not Applicable [0003] REFERENCE TO A "MICROFICHE APPENDIX" [0004] Not Applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0005] 1. Field of the Invention [0006] The invention of this application relates generally to automated drug infusion devices. More specifically, the invention relates to kits of supplies and components for the computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device where those supplies and components may be disposable or re-usable. [0007] 2. Description of the Related Art [0008] Mechanically controlled infusion of a liquid drug from a reservoir directly to a patient is a useful process of administering a drug. An electro-mechanically controlled infusion process often provides a much steadier and more accurate administration of a drug than is possible from a human manually giving injections. By maintaining a steady or accurate flow rate of drug, an electro-mechanically controlled infusion device can ensure that the concentration or amount of drug entering a patient's circulatory system remains steadily within the drug's therapeutic range. [0009] Various medical devices for controlling the infusion of a liquid directly to a patient are known. Certain of these devices utilize pumping mechanisms to deliver liquid drugs from a reservoir such as a syringe, a collapsible bag, or a vial to a patient supply tube. One example of such a device, shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,186,977, includes a liquid drug supply in a collapsible bag and an infusion pump, which draws drug directly from the supply and moves it along a flow passage to a patient supply tube. [0010] Certain of these medical devices further utilize drug pump cassettes, which provide a rigid housing and pressure plate that interact with the pumping mechanisms of the devices. These cassettes serve as intermediary devices between drug containers and patient supply lines. A typical cassette includes a passage, which is acted upon by the pumping mechanism of an infusion device to move the drug along to the supply line. [0011] One example of a cassette for use with a drug pumping system, shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,154, has a fluid passage and a collapsible pressure conduction chamber for generating a pressure gradient to move drug along the passage. Certain other cassettes are known which provide means for moving drug along a flow channel without the drug interacting directly with the pumping mechanism. One example of this other type of cassette, shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,708, provides a large chamber for mixing a powdered drug with a liquid solvent. The cassette also includes a pressure plate, which supports a fluid flow passage against which a peristaltic pump may act to move the liquid along to a patient delivery tube. [0012] Certain liquid infusion devices which provide means for removing air that has entered their flow passages are also known. However, the means of these devices require an inefficient purging process which in turn requires human intervention and/or knowledge of the exact dead-space volume of all of the liquid passages in the system in order to flush the trapped air from the passages without losing excessive amounts of the drug. [0013] There are also known drug infusion systems which are provided with computers that can track the volume of the liquid drug remaining in a container by tracking internal encoder counts within the pumping mechanism. A problem with tracking volume based on internal effects, though, is that if there is an inconsistency with respect to a component within the infusion device, the calculated volume of drug infused may be incorrect and yet would nonetheless appear to be consistent with the operation of the device. [0014] There are further drawbacks to the efficiency and safety of all of the aforementioned devices. One such drawback is that the known drug infusion devices do not allow for a cost effective means of disposing of those elements which come in direct contact with the drug. It is beneficial from a quality control and patient safety standpoint to replace those parts of a liquid drug infusion device which directly contact the drug upon the completion of each infusion process. Disposal and replacement provide an efficient means of starting each infusion process with clean components that are free from residual drug remaining from an earlier infusion or from vectors for cross-contamination from the previous patient. Some parts of the aforementioned devices, such as the drug pump cassettes, are large and bulky and so are expensive and clumsy to replace after a single-patient use. [0015] Another drawback of the above devices is that certain of their components, such as the drug containers, cassettes, and flow passages, cannot be replaced during an infusion process, i.e. while the pumping mechanism is active, without introducing air bubbles into the system. Air bubbles may also be introduced into the systems if these components are accidentally removed from the device during an infusion process. Air bubbles that are not removed from the flow passages of a direct-to-patient infusion system can be dangerous to the patient's circulatory system. [0016] Deaths have resulted from erroneous delivery of potent pain killers such as morphine. Thus, a means of controlling the infusion rate of a drug based on a measurement or inference of an effect of the delivered drug on the patient would be beneficial. Such a means of control would be especially desirable during outpatient, ambulatory, gastrointestinal, cardiac catheterization, imaging and other procedures at remote and/or minimally staffed or equipped locations such as, among others, office-based surgery, imaging, dermatology suites and far-forward military medical outposts where anesthesia and sedation and analgesia are provided with the concomitant risk of loss of consciousness and apnea. [0017] A kit generally comprises two or more components bundled or otherwise grouped together as one package. An example of such a kit in a medical context is a first-aid kit having scissors, medical tape and alcohol preps. Disposable kits of medical supplies, such as tracheostomy kits for example, are also available. [0018] Such kits for systems for sedation and analgesia may enhance efficiency by simplifying inventory management as well as improving safety by specifying, organizing, and providing all required components. When a kit is comprised of disposable items, the disposable nature eliminates the need for collection, storage and sterilization of used supplies and the potential for cross-contamination from improperly sterilized supplies. Conversely, re-usable supplies tend to be of higher quality than disposables because they are designed and manufactured to last through repeated use cycles. The re-usable nature helps to amortize the cost of acquisition over multiple uses such that the acquisition cost per use may be lower than of disposables. Depending on labor costs, cost of collection, sterilization and repackaging of used components and the legal liability from improper sterilization of re-usable supplies, re-usable items may also have a lower cost per use. Some of the re-usable supplies may be recycled or reconditioned to yield equipment of higher quality and lower cost-per-use than corresponding disposable equipment. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0019] The present invention solves the aforementioned drawbacks of and needs from automated drug infusion devices by providing an infusion system with a drug pump cassette that features disposable components, external redundant volume tracking, air removal and automatic purge capabilities, component lockout mechanisms, redundant automated anti free flow devices and automated modulation of infusion rate based on measured or inferred effects on the patient. [0020] It is an object of the present invention to provide a computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device with single-patient use disposable components to prevent potential cross-contamination and drug carry-over from a previous infusion to a different patient. Components of this aspect of the invention that may be disposable may include, among other items, drug containers, infusion tubing, pressure plates, infusion line connectors, anti-reflux valves, EKG pads or skin electrodes, IV catheters, and oxygen delivery, gas sampling and respiratory apparatuses and responsiveness query devices. [0021] It is a further object of the present invention that some of these disposable components are integrated into a single-use cassette for the transmission of drug from the containers to the patient. The cassette is fixed to the administration device with a single-motion snap-on action. The cassette is of a fixed form so that its components align with the permanent components of the device upon the single-motion snap on action. For example, the delivery conduit is positioned at the active portion of a pumping mechanism on the administration device when the cassette is fitted into place. [0022] The present invention allows for the drug vial to be removed and replaced during a given procedure without requiring the user to purge the infusion line of air. A vial-lockout mechanism is provided to prevent removal of the vial while the pump is running. To prevent free flow, various redundant infusion line lockouts automatically close off the drug flow lumen when the cassette is not inserted into the administration device. The lockouts are provided to guard against the pumping mechanism transporting air bubbles to the patient and against the free uncontrolled flow of drug by gravity feed to the patient. To prevent the air bubbles from reaching the patient if the lockout mechanisms fail, an air in line (AIL) detector acts as back-up safety device. [0023] The computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device provides an efficient means of controlling the flow of drug from a drug container such as a vial, syringe or collapsible bag to a manifold connector (containing anti-reflux valves) where the drug may be combined with an IV solution before administration to the patient. Computer control allows accurate flow rates and precise control of those flow rates for infusion and purging procedures as well as automated purging without the need for the user to intervene or remember to purge the line. Flow rate accuracy, combined with the knowledge of the deadspace in the IV infusion set (acquired via a quality assurance module associated with the drug cassette), ensures the conservation of expensive drugs such as propofol, which may be wasted during manual control of the same procedures. [0024] The present invention also provides kits of supplies and components for the computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device where those supplies and components may be disposable or re-usable. The kits may be engineered so as to better provide efficient, safe, and easy use of the supplies and components. The kits and the supplies and components themselves may also be tagged with identifying indicia for quality assurance purposes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of one embodiment of the computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device; [0026] FIG. 1B depicts an O.sub.2 control/respiratory monitoring device; [0027] FIG. 2 shows a data flow diagram of the computer assistance to the infusion process; [0028] FIG. 3A shows a perspective view of one embodiment of the cassette; [0029] FIG. 3B shows a different perspective view of one embodiment of the cassette that highlights how the drug delivery conduit can be removed from the cassette [0030] FIG. 4 shows a front cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the cassette extension with a drug container in place thereon; [0031] FIG. 5 shows a top cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the cassette fitted with the administration device; [0032] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of one embodiment of a redundant volume tracking system; [0033] FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of the anti-reflux valve and IV manifold connector; [0034] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of the liquid and air flow between various components; [0035] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of the mechanisms for redundant volume tracking; [0036] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of the mechanisms for the automatic shut off of the pumping mechanism; [0037] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of the parameters used with the quality assurance modules. [0038] FIG. 12 shows a front cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the cassette extension with a drug container suspended therefrom; and [0039] FIG. 13 shows a kit containing two disposable components associated with the administration device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0040] The embodiments described below are not intended to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. The embodiments are chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention and its applications and uses, and thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and use the invention. [0041] FIG. 1A shows an external view of the computer assisted IV drug infusion administration device 36 of the present invention. The system includes a housing 26 for the user interface 32 and pumping mechanism 56, as well as ports for the attachment or insertion of, drug container 34, a detachable cassette 10 for receiving the drug container 34 and patient interface devices such as an oro-nasal device 31. Drug flows from the cassette to the patient via the intravenous infusion line or drug flow conduit 27. Intravenous fluid, if used, flows to the patient via a separate infusion line 80. Lines 80 and 27 merge at connector 72. Fluid flows from the connector 72 to the patient via the IV catheter 84 that is inserted in a vein of the patient. [0042] The user interface is connected to a microprocessor-based electronic controller or computer 42 (shown in FIG. 2) located within housing 26. The electronic controller or computer may be comprised of available programmable-type microprocessors and other chips, memory devices, and logic devices on various boards. The various user interface devices include a display device 33 integrated into the housing 26 of the administration device 36 which displays patient and infusion system parameters and operation status of the administration device, a printer (not shown) which prints, for example, a hard copy of patient parameters indicating the patient's physiological condition and the status of the administration device and drug flow with time stamps, and an optional remote control device (not shown) which permits a physician user to interact with the administration device from a distance. The user interface 32 includes hard and soft buttons that allow the user to override an automated drug infusion process and manually control or interrupt the drug infusion as well as purge the infusion system of air. [0043] In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the administration device 36 is a system for providing sedation and analgesia to a patient such as the system described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/324,759, filed Jun. 3, 1999 and incorporated herein by reference. [0044] FIG. 1A also shows a respiratory set 30 which may be attached to the administration device 36. Preferably, the respiratory set is a single-patient or single-use disposable element that is removably attachable to the device. The administration device includes a connector port within its housing 26 in which the respiratory set may easily be attached so that it is operably coupled with the electronic controller. [0045] An example of the oro-nasal device 31 and respiratory set 30 that may be included in a kit of the present invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/592,943, filed Jun. 13, 2000, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/878,922, filed Jun. 13, 2001, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 1B depicts an O.sub.2 control/respiratory monitoring device 31a, which may be used as oro-nasal device 31 in accordance with the present invention. [0046] FIG. 2 is a data flow diagram showing the drug infusion management steps performed by the electronic controller 42 in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. A user interacts with a user interface 32 that is in communication with the electronic controller 42 whereby the user may input certain commands or program process sequences that are then stored in memory by the electronic controller. The electronic controller is in communication with the IV drug infusion administration device 36, which controls flow from the drug container 34. The electronic controller monitors and regulates the infusion rate based on input from the user and from data collected from patient interface devices. The various patient interface devices 38 can include one or more patient health monitors (not shown) that monitor a patient's physiological condition, such as a pulse oximeter, capnometer, blood pressure monitors, EEG, EKG, responsiveness query, airway pressure and others. [0047] FIG. 3A shows a cassette 10 for the transfer of infusion liquid from a sealed drug container 34 to the patient. The cassette provides a mechanical platform for anchoring a drug container 34 to the device and assures that the drug container remains at a fixed head height with respect to the pumping mechanism 56. The cassette also assures that the delivery conduit 27 is positioned properly with respect to the pumping mechanism. The cassette includes an extension for receiving the drug container and maintaining the container's position during the infusion process. [0048] In a preferred embodiment, the cassette receives a single drug container for each infusion process. At the conclusion of the infusion process, the container is removed and the cassette may receive a new drug container for an extension of the first infusion process. The infusion tubing may be purged of any air and/or drug from the first infusion process. In an alternative embodiment, the cassette may receive more than one drug container at a time. The cassette may have multiple flow lumens to channel the drug flow from each of the separate drug containers into a single infusion system within the cassette or device. A mechanism may be provided to restrict the drug flow created by the pumping mechanism so that drug flows from one drug container at a time for a sequential sequence or from more than one drug container at a time according to pre-determined proportions. Pumping drug from multiple containers in tandem allows an extended infusion run without halting for a purge sequence. Pumping drug from multiple containers in concert allows separate and segregated sources of drug to be used concurrently for a single infusion run. In a further alternative embodiment, multiple containers of the same drug are provided with a single cassette such that one container can be removed while drug is flowing from another. Such an embodiment allows for an extended infusion process without halting for a purge sequence. [0049] The extension may include a mechanical receptacle 66 for receiving and supporting the drug container as the infusion liquid is drawn out of the container. The receptacle may be a particular size capable of receiving a particularly sized drug container or it may be structured so as to receive containers of variable sizes. As shown in FIG. 6, the receptacle 66 may be located within the housing 26 of the device 36. [0050] Preferably, the extension also includes an attached drug flow activation device 12 for initiating the transfer of the infusion liquid from the drug container to the device. At the start of the infusion process, the drug container is placed onto the activation device either manually or by an automated and computer controlled device for moving drug containers into position on the activation device. [0051] FIG. 3A also shows an opening and connector 16 in the cassette where the drug flow lumen 54 (FIG. 3B) within the extension terminates. A pressure plate 20 is located near the opening 16. The pressure plate is rigid enough to provide a platform against which the pump fingers 58 (FIG. 5) may operate. A rigid pressure plate also allows the cassette 10 to be easily fitted onto the medical device with a one-step snap on motion. In one embodiment, the pressure plate has a concave curve that bowls away from the opening in order to accept the curved face of the pumping mechanism 56. Alternatively, a flat pressure plate and a flat face of a pumping mechanism may also be used with the present invention. [0052] The cassette may also include one or more extensions such as snap locks 22 and 23 which provide mechanical attachment to the housing 26 of the administration device 36 such that the cassette may be fixed in place relative to the device. In a preferred embodiment, these extensions fit into slots 22a and 23a on the device allowing for a snap-on single motion attachment of the cassette to the housing of the administration device. The cassette may also include extensions 24 for gripping the cassette 10 and guiding it into its designated place within the housing of the administration device. When finger grips 24 are squeezed towards each other, snap locks 22 and 23 are spread apart allowing the cassette to be placed into the slots 22a and 23a. [0053] FIG. 3B shows how the spike 12 with an attached conduit 27 can be removed from the drug cassette 10 so that the cassette itself might be reusable. The spike set 98 fits into slot 96 when it is inserted into the drug cassette 10. When the cassette is placed against housing 26, housing 26 helps to keep spike set 98 securely held within slot 96 (FIG. 5). [0054] FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment in which the drug flow activation device is an upright spike 12 for piercing a resealable stopper 13 of an inverted drug container 34. The spike includes a bore 14b that creates an air-tight opening in the container out of which the infusion liquid may flow. In an alternative embodiment, the drug container includes a pre-attached drug flow activation device and the container-activation device set may be inserted as a unit onto the extension. In a further alternative embodiment, the cassette with extension may include a pre-attached drug container with an intact, i.e., not punctured, seal which may be attached immediately prior to activation of the device. With such embodiments, the entire cassette-drug container assembly may be fixed to the administration device as a single unit, activated, and used and then may be subsequently removed from the device and disposed of as a single unit. [0055] In a further preferred embodiment, the cassette 10 contains a drug flow lumen 54 provided between the bore 14b and the drug flow outlet 16 in the cassette. One extremity of infusion line 27 connects to outlet 16 while the other end is attached to connector 72. The cassette 10 may also contain an air flow lumen 50 between another bore 14a in the spike 12 and an opening to the atmosphere through inlet 18. [0056] The drug infusion liquid is supplied to the device in a drug container 34. The drug container is inert to the drug and is impermeable to atmospheric contaminants. The container is capable of protecting the drug from outside contamination prior to and during the infusion process. [0057] Preferably, the drug container 34 is a rigid vial of invariable volume, though a flexible container such as a collapsible IV bag is also contemplated for use with the present invention. Preferably also, the drug container has at least one transparent portion to allow visual assessment of the drug's condition and volume. In a preferred embodiment, an identification tag or quality assurance module ("QAM") 35 is located on the drug container 34 and/or the cassette 10. The identification tag 35 provides information indicating various identifiers and/or parameters of the drug, such as its name, unique serial number, concentration, and/or manufacturer identification to the user and to the electronic controller 42. [0058] Preferably, self-sealing stoppers 13 are used with drug containers that are to be removed from the cassette after use. Self-sealing stoppers provide air-tight piercing, prevent drug spillage, and help to prevent the drug from being compromised due to evaporation or contamination. [0059] Preferably also, the drug container includes a built-in gripping device such as a molded tab (not shown) by which a user can hold and transport the container without contaminating its surface. [0060] FIG. 4 also shows a further preferred embodiment in which the extension to cassette 10 includes a one-way valve 46 through which atmospheric air is introduced into a rigid drug container like a vial in order to prevent excessive vacuum (that would interfere with drug infusion) from developing above the liquid drug's meniscus as the drug flows out of the container. An air flow lumen 50 is provided between one-way valve 46 and bore 14a in spike 12. Because in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 4 drug can flow by gravity along air flow channel 50 to the atmosphere, certain embodiments are contemplated to prevent drug from leaking out of the air flow lumen while still allowing air to bleed inside the drug container to prevent formation of an excessive vacuum. In one of these embodiments, the mechanism to prevent drug spillage from bore 14a is a one way valve 46. The one-way valve 46 only allows atmospheric air into the air flow lumen 50 and does not allow any drug which has leaked through the bore 14a to escape the cassette. In a further drug leakage prevention embodiment, a hydrophobic filter 47 is provided with the air flow lumen 50 in the extension. The hydrophobic filter prevents any drug which has leaked into the air flow lumen 50 of the spike from flowing out of the air inlet 18 of the cassette. In a further drug leakage prevention embodiment, bore 14b is a wide bore and bore 14a is a narrow bore. The narrow bore 14a is in communication with the air flow lumen 50 in the extension while the wide bore 14b is in communication with the drug flow lumen 54 of the extension. The difference in capillary action caused by the different bore sizes causes the liquid drug in the drug container to tend to flow through the wide bore 14b and into the drug lumen 54 only. Capillary action hinders the flow of drug into the narrower air flow lumen. In a further drug leakage prevention embodiment, the air flow lumen 50 contains a half-moon-shaped well 52 so as to restrict the flow of any drug that does leak into the air flow lumen 50 from making it to the air inlet 18. [0061] Preferably, an air filter 48 is provided with the air inlet 18 to prevent particulates and contaminants in the atmospheric air from entering the air flow lumen 50 inside the extension and the drug container 34. The air filter 48 may be capable of screening out microbial matter including bacterial and viral particles. [0062] FIG. 5 shows a drug delivery conduit 27 that is provided with the cassette at opening and connector 16. Conduit 27 is inserted over the male port in opening 16 to create an air-tight connection with the flow channel created by the drug flow lumen 54. The conduit 27 is positioned along the pressure plate such that the pumping mechanism 56 may act on it to move the infusion liquid through the conduit, away from the drug container, and to the patient. Preferably, the conduit, which may be tubing, is fixed in position along the pressure plate. Because of the concavity of a certain embodiment of the pressure plate, the conduit 27 will tend to straighten out and not remain in contact with a concave pressure plate. A means to hold the conduit abutted against the pressure plate should not interfere with the action of the peristaltic pump fingers 58. Several embodiments are contemplated for fixing the conduit to the pressure plate. For example, the conduit may be ultrasonically welded or glued to the plate or it may be fitted within foam strip guides 60, which are themselves fixed to the pressure plate. The foam strip guides by virtue of being compressible and collapsible do not interfere with the accuracy of the pump or the operation of the pump fingers 58. Alternatively, pieces of plastic tubing similar to conduit 27 could be placed on the pressure plate 20 above and below conduit 27 such that they hold conduit 27 securely against pressure plate 20 and collapse when squeezed by the pump fingers 58. [0063] The delivery conduit 27 is positioned against the cassette such that when the cassette is fitted into the housing 26 of the device, conduit 27 is properly positioned with respect to the pumping mechanism 56. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the delivery conduit 27 is transparent so that the user can observe the drug flow through the conduit and visually check for entrained air bubbles or particulates in the drug. [0064] FIG. 5 also shows the pumping mechanism 56 which aligns with the pressure plate 20 of the cassette when the cassette is fitted into the housing of the administration device. The pumping device may be a peristaltic pump with at least three, and preferably at least four, movable fingers 58 which act upon the delivery conduit 27 and against the pressure plate 20 so as to create a pressure gradient within the delivery conduit. The pressure gradient causes the infusion liquid to flow from the drug container into the drug flow lumen within the spike, then into the drug flow lumen within the cassette extension, then into the delivery conduit, and then through the manifold connector 72 and into the IV cannula 84 inserted in a vein of the patient. Because the fingers are external to the delivery conduit and the entire infusion system tubing, the pumping mechanism is able to operate even if air is in the active pumping section of the delivery conduit. The pumping mechanism may be controlled manually or by the electronic controller and may be set at a given flow rate or at a specified gradient, rate of change over time or time profile of drug flow rates. [0065] FIG. 5 also shows spring-loaded clamp 92, which acts as a free flow prevention device to halt the unchecked or free flow of drug to the patient by gravity when the cassette is removed from contact with the pumping mechanism. Clamp 92 pinches a portion of the conduit 27 closed when triggered. [0066] FIG. 6 also shows an array 70 of photo-emitter cells and photo-detector cells, which is an element used in an alternative redundant volume tracking method. Such an array may be provided with the cassette or as part of the administration device 36. Each photo-emitter cell emits a pulse of light directed at the drug container. The difference in reflection of the emitted light depending on whether it impinges on air or drug, especially milky drugs like propofol, is used to track the meniscus. Emitted light which reflects back from the liquid inside of the container is detected by a photo-detector cell. The detector cells are capable of receiving reflected light from the drug and are arranged in a pattern, such as a column, whereby if a particular detector cell receives a certain amount of reflected light, then it is below the meniscus of the drug and whereby if the particular detector cell receives a different amount of reflected light, then it is above the meniscus of the drug. Each cell of the array is in communication with the electronic controller and the controller determines where the meniscus is within the drug container by identifying the region where there is a sharp transition in the reflected light. Meniscus tracking allows the controller to independently calculate how much drug remains in the drug container based on the initial volume of the liquid drug in the container. The initial volume of the liquid drug in the container may be encoded on a QAM unit located on the container. A mechanism is provided to read the information on the QAM and transmit the encoded value of the initial volume to the electronic controller. The photo emitter/detector pairs may be staggered in two separate columns to provide more vertical resolution. [0067] FIGS. 3 and 6 also show a further embodiment of a free flow prevention device. Snap lock 23 of cassette 10 contains a slit 19 through which the drug delivery conduit 27 is placed. Cut-outs 21 are provided at each side of the slit to allow the slit to be forced wide apart such that when the cassette is placed into proper position on to the device housing 26 a spreader piece 92 located on the housing spreads the fingers of snap lock 23 allowing the unrestricted flow of liquid through conduit 27. [0068] FIG. 7 shows an anti-reflux valve 77 on connector 72 connecting delivery conduit 27 with the tubing 80 from the IV solution container 78 and the IV catheter 84. The anti-reflux valve 77 prevents the retrograde flow of drug from tubing 27 into the IV solution tubing 80. [0069] A check valve 76 that is part of connector 72 prevents back flow of intravenous fluid up the propofol line 27. Check valve 76 can also operate as an automated free flow prevention device by deliberately increasing its cracking or opening pressure such that it is higher than the highest hydrostatic pressure generated by a spiked and full drug vial with conduit 27 fully extended to its highest possible elevation. The design thus requires the pumping mechanism 56 to generate more pressure than the opening pressure of valve 76 for drug to flow to the patient. If the pump mechanism is not in contact with conduit 27 and pressure plate 20, when the cassette 10 is removed from housing 26 for example, drug flow will stop because the highest hydrostatic head that can be generated will be lower than the cracking pressure of valve 76. [0070] In an alternative embodiment, the connector 72 may also include a resealable injector port 74 capable of accepting a syringe tip and/or needle and allowing the direct injection of drugs therefrom. An IV catheter 84 may be inserted into the patient's blood vein. Preferably, the IV catheter is a single-patient or single-use disposable element that is removably attachable to the device. [0071] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention and depicts the infusion liquid and atmospheric air flow pathways through the elements described above. Pinch valve 82 is open when the cassette is snapped onto housing 26. As soon as cassette 10 is snapped off, the spring in pinch valve 82 closes off IV line 27. The purpose of pinch valve 82 is to prevent free flow of drugs by gravity to the patient, when flow through conduit 27 is no longer being controlled by pumping mechanism 56 because conduit 27 is no longer in contact with it. [0072] FIG. 9 shows various mechanisms for tracking the volume of infusion liquid pumped out of the drug vial during the infusion process. Methods for volume tracking provide redundancy to the volume calculated by the electronic controller from the flow rate of the pumping mechanism and the duration of the infusion so that the accuracy of the pumping mechanism's flow rate may be verified and compensated for. This redundancy ensures a dependable and accurate flow rate of drug into the patient. [0073] One such mechanism for redundant volume tracking utilizes scales which measure the weight of the drug container as it is in contact with the drug flow activation device. The scales may be provided with the cassette or as part of the administration device. The scales are in communication with the electronic controller which receives either continuous or periodic data on the weight of the drug container and its remaining contents. As drug flows out of the container, the weight decreases and the electronic controller calculates the corresponding decrease in drug volume from a preprogrammed set of drug density data. [0074] Another redundant volume tracking mechanism is the photo emitter/detector array for meniscus tracking described above. The array 70 of photo emitter/detector cells will track the meniscus of the drug, but for the controller 42 to translate a change in meniscus position to a change in volume infused, the cross-sectional area of the vial must be known. The internal cross-sectional area of vial 34 can be stored in a QAM attached to the vial 34. [0075] Another redundant volume tracking means is provided by tracking internal encoder counts of the pumping mechanism. Because most pumps use a motor to drive the pumping mechanism, there should be a set volume of drug delivered with each revolution of the pump's motor. If an encoder mechanism, such as a set of optical emitter/detector cells capable of detecting the passage of slots in the pump's cam, is provided with the pump, each revolution of the pump's motor can be detected. The electronic controller can multiply the number of revolutions per minute of the pump's motor by the volume of drug delivered per revolution to get the infusion rate in volume per minute. The controller can then integrate rate over time to calculate the total volume infused over time. [0076] FIG. 10 shows various optional methods for alerting the electronic controller of reason to shut off the pumping mechanism. These methods help to prevent air from being pumped into a patient's blood circulation and help to prevent an incorrect (e.g., expired, previously used, or unrecognized) drug or an incorrect dose from being administered to a patient. [0077] In one of these methods, the user manually signals for a pump shut down if bubbles are observed in the delivery conduit. The user interacts with a user interface which is in communication with the electronic controller. An air-in-line detector may also be provided within the device to sense air bubbles within the infusion liquid pumped into the device. The air-in-line detector is in communication with the electronic controller. The electronic controller may be programmed to send a signal to the pumping mechanism to terminate the flow rate upon notice of a signal from the air-in-line detector. The conduit or PVC tubing may then be purged of the trapped air. [0078] In another of these methods, an occlusion detector is provided with the device to sense via the associated pressure buildup when a kink or obstruction to flow is present in the infusion liquid delivery line. The occlusion detector is in communication with the electronic controller and sends a signal to the controller when such an obstruction is detected. The controller may be programmed to send a signal to the pumping mechanism to terminate the flow rate upon notice of a signal from the occlusion detector. [0079] In yet another of these methods, an air-entrainment lockout mechanism is provided with the cassette or with the device. An air-entrainment lockout mechanism is triggered by the removal of a drug container from the cassette while the pumping mechanism is running. Once triggered, the air-entrainment lockout mechanism halts the flow of drug within the cassette. [0080] An example of an air-entrainment lockout mechanism is a micro-switch located on or near the drug flow activation device. When the drug container is removed from the activation device it triggers the micro-switch to send a signal to the electronic controller. The micro-switch may be a spring-loaded button that is depressed as long as the drug container is on the activation device and is released when the container is removed, it may be a spring-loaded button positioned in such a location as to be depressed by the surface of the drug container as the container is removed, or it may be an electronic sensor such as an optical or electromagnetic sensor that registers when the drug container is removed. [0081] In a preferred embodiment, a drug container removal lockout mechanism 68 (shown in FIG. 6) is provided with the housing to prevent the removal of the container 34 while the pumping mechanism is running. When in a locked position, the mechanism 68 slides out of housing 26 and mechanically prevents removal of the drug container from the cassette. The mechanism 68 may be in communication with the electronic controller, which will only signal the pumping mechanism to run when the lockout mechanism is in a locked position. When mechanism 68 is in an unlocked position and retracted into housing 26, the drug container may be physically removed from the cassette and the electronic controller will signal the pumping mechanism to halt the drug flow. Once a new drug container is inserted on the cassette and the lockout mechanism is returned to a locked position, the electronic controller will again signal the pumping mechanism to run. If the electrical power or software to the controller 42 fails, the mechanism 68 can be manually pushed back into housing 26 to allow removal of the vial 34. This feature of the present invention removes the need for a purging sequence each time a drug container is removed and replaced by another container containing a drug with the same identity and concentration of the drug of the first container. [0082] In another of the optional methods for alerting the electronic controller to shut off the pumping mechanism, various quality assurance modules attached to the cassettes and vials are contemplated which store information to be communicated to the electronic controller. If a parameter recorded on a QAM is out of a preprogrammed range stored in memory by the electronic controller, then the controller may send a signal to the pumping mechanism to terminate the flow rate. [0083] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of certain parameters that the drug container QAM and cassette QAM may store. Tags on the drug container or cassette may store such parameters as the identity, concentration, initial volume of a drug, serial number, and manufacturer identification in the form of a barcode or RFID tag for example. [0084] The electronic controller receives the parameter data from the QAMs and processes it to determine the initial conditions of the infusion setup. The controller may use drug identity data encoded on a tag to authenticate product source and ensure that the particular drug to be infused is the drug intended for the current patient. [0085] The electronic controller may also use the drug identity information encoded on the drug container or cassette tags to determine when cross-contamination may occur. The controller may store in memory the identity and concentration of a first drug in use and the identity and concentration of a second drug to be used with the same cassette and device. If the stored identity or concentration of the second drug is different from the first drug, the electronic controller will automatically initiate a purging sequence to clear any residual drug from the first infusion sequence from the system. [0086] In a preferred embodiment, the electronic controller uses data from the QAMs to coordinate an automatic purging sequence. A QAM on the cassette may store the deadspace volume of the drug flow lumen and delivery conduit of the cassette. The electronic controller records these deadspace volumes from the QAMs and signals the pumping mechanism to cause a volume of drug in excess of the sum of the deadspace volume of the cassette and device tubing to flow through the infusion set to clear any air remaining in the lines. An automatic purging sequence allows for the precise control of volume of drug pumped through the system during a purge sequence so that just enough volume of drug is pumped to assure that the infusion set is free of trapped air. Such a purging sequence performed manually may result in a greater than necessary volume of drug being pumped out of the infusion system resulting in wasted drug. [0087] Preferably, the electronic controller references a clock to establish the start time and duration of each infusion run. The controller may also use the clock to determine when pre-programmed events such as pump flow rate or drug container changes should occur. The controller may also use the clock and the infusion rate over a given time period to determine how much drug is left in the container so as to shut off the pump when the volume of drug remaining in the container is low and alert the user. [0088] FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment in which the drug flow activation device 12 allows transfer of infusion liquid from an upright drug container. An elevator 94 is used to raise an upright drug container 34 into communication with the activation device. Preferably in this embodiment, an inverted spike is used as the activation device. The electronic controller may be programmed to automatically operate the elevator or the elevator may be operated manually. [0089] The present invention also provides specialized kits of components or supplies for use with the administration device 36. These kits may comprise disposable and/or re-usable components, supplies that are intended or designed solely for use with the administration device 36, commonly-used medical supplies, supplies needed for drug administration, and medical supplies required for a specific procedure (e.g., endoscopy) to be performed as accompanied by drug administration. The kits may comprise wholly re-usable items, a mix of re-usable and disposable items, or only disposable items. [0090] The kits of the present invention promote the efficiency and safety of delivering drugs using device 36. The user does not have to individually collect the separate supply items needed to deliver sedation and analgesia, whereby optimizing time and motion. In embodiments where the kit also includes the supplies needed for a particular procedure, there is no need for a user to collect the supplies for the procedure separately, sometimes from a separate location. This also optimizes time and motion. [0091] The packaging for a kit in accordance with the present invention may contain recesses for individual components and supplies, and may be transparent so that the user can see and examine the contents of the kit without having to first open the package. The packaging may be made of inexpensive material such as, for example, plastic, that can be sterilized or irradiated as required to ensure safety. The package may be closed with a snap-lock system that is tight and secure when closed, but still allows one-handed opening by a user with a gloved hand. The components of a kit may be laid out in an ergonomic manner that facilitates the user locating, retrieving and/or safely using the components. For example, the components may be placed within a kit such that their orientation is appropriate for installation with administration device 36 by a right-handed user with a minimum of movement and manipulation of the component or supply. Similar kits designed and optimized for left-handed users are also contemplated. Similarly, the relative placement of the components in the kit may be based according to their logical, expected sequence of use. For example, sharp or pointed supplies like scalpels may be oriented so that the risk of injury to the user or to bystanders is minimized when the item is picked up and retrieved. A kit package may have recesses that house each component and may be constructed so as to lay flat and stable with a minimal footprint, when opened. The recesses may each be labeled with the name of their respective component so as to assist in their identification by a novice user. The package itself may contain identification and use status indicia as well as markers to confirm that the package has undergone a cleaning or sterilization process such as, for example, ethylene dioxide or gamma ray. The package may also be designed to be as small as possible so that it occupies a minimal amount of work area and/or shelf space during storage. In some instances, the sedation and analgesia kit package may also have double sided tape or other adhesive or anchoring devices, such as hook-and-loop fasteners (Velcro) or magnets, on the bottom to allow the kit to be temporarily affixed to a work surface so that the kit package does not move around as it is being used, especially during one-handed use. [0092] The components of or supplies used with the administration device 36 that are included in a kit may include identification indicia, such as a tag or QAM 35, for quality assurance, identification, and safety purposes, where supplies may be designed, for example, to prevent cross-contamination and use past an expiration data. The package housing the kit may itself also incorporate identification and use status indicia so that its use status and history as well as other relevant data may be available to the sedation and analgesia delivery system. Examples of such identification indicia and particular means by which their information is written and read are disclosed by U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/151,255 and 10/252,818, filed May 21, 2002, and Sep. 24, 2002, respectively, and incorporated herein by reference. [0093] Several of the components or supplies described above for use with administration device 36 are contemplated as being included in a kit according to the present invention. Examples of such components and supplies that may be provided in a kit include but are not limited to the cassette 10, air filter 48, air flow lumen 50, double lumen spike 12 or spike set 98, free flow prevention devices such as spring-loaded clamp 92, snap lock 23, and pinch valve 82, drug delivery conduit 27, pumping mechanism 56, anti-reflux valve 77, connector 72, IV tubing 80, check valve 76, IV catheter 84, IV solution container 78, and drug vial 34. Further components that may be included in a kit that are for systems ancillary to administration device 36 which may be used during the procedure accompanied by drug administration include but are not limited to ECG pads, respiratory set 30 and oro-nasal device 31, Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring strips, water traps, and an cover for earpiece 37. An example of earpiece 37 is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/329,763, filed Dec. 27, 2002. [0094] The kit of the present invention may include supplies for use with a procedure that is performed as accompanied by drug delivery from device 36. Examples of such supplies include but are not limited to a trocar, stapler, and biopsy forceps for an endoscopy; a bite block, endoscope, local anesthetic sprayer, local anesthetic, and biopsy forceps for an EGD; a colonoscope, gauze for holding the colonoscope, local anesthetic gel, and biopsy forceps for a colonoscopy; and a laparoscope, trocars, local anesthetic, needle and syringe for local anesthetic, prep solution (e.g., betadine), prep applicator, sterile field drape, and a scalpel for making initial hole through skin for a laparoscopy or a arthroscopy. The kit may also include standard medical supplies for use with a variety of procedures that may be accompanied by drug delivery from device 36. Examples of standard medical supplies that may be included in a kit include but are not limited to alcohol preps, betadine, stericides, stericide applicators, lubricants, medical tape, suture, needles, scalpels, syringes, drugs, and special adapters and connectors. [0095] Purely by way of example, FIG. 13 depicts a kit 99 according to the present invention wherein a cassette 10 and an O2 control/respiratory monitoring device 31a are provided in the same kit and wherein the kit 99 features a QAM 35 on its packaging 98. [0096] While exemplary embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous insubstantial variations, changes, and substitutions will now be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed herein by the Applicants. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope by the claims as they will be allowed.
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